In recent technology developments, chipless RFID tags have been developed and offered on the affordability level of customers, which will result in high growth. It is coupled with a simplified manufacturing technology and decrease in the manufacturing time. Moreover chipless RFID tags are compatible with the existing infrastructure, which saves the additional cost of installing new system. Manufacturers have reduced the price of chipless RFID tags. This trend is causing for a high growth of the chipless RFID market.

U.S. being a pioneer in the RFID business contributes highest market share of 44% with CAGR of 23.2% followed by Europe and Asia-Pacific which share equal market share. Europe and APAC are expected to grow by 28.9% and 37.0% respectively. Looking at the growth of Asian economies like China and India Asia-Pacific is expected to contribute 37% which will be highest. U.S., Western Europe and China will be the demand drivers of chipless RFID market.

In the recent past manufacturers have realized the need for affordable and efficient solutions to track and trace various applications like retail, supply chain, smart card etc. Chipless RFID tags produce almost equal efficiency at lower cost compared to chip-based RFID. It is more efficient than barcode but not cost competitive. There is an increasing demand for chipless RFID to provide the various solutions like asset tracking, anti-counterfeiting, to avoid the shrink in retail. It also helps to increase the efficiency and make the system more productive. Chipless RFID has ability to provide solutions like anti-counterfeiting which is a universal burning issue for healthcare industry. Supply chain, aviation and public transit segments are going to be benefitted with chipless RFID by creating hassle free operations. Chipless RFID will make smart cards more secure and hence will increase the market penetration of smart cards and so of chipless RFID.

Governments like Nigeria, Singapore, China and U.K. have already mandated RFID in various projects like counterfeiting and citizen identification etc. The Governments mandate provides an extra advantage for growth of chipless RFID.

The report deals with the market trends in chipless RFID and the growth associated with it. It also deals with the various factors which drive and restraint the market in the next five years.

The revenue generated in global chipless RFID market is expected to reach $3,925 million in 2016 from $1087 million in 2011, at an estimated CAGR of 29.3% from 2011 to 2016.

Scope of the report

This chipless RFID Market research report categorizes the global market on the basis of tags, reader and middleware used in the system. Forecasting revenues and analyzing trends in the chipless RFID market.

On the basis of application market

Chipless RFID is used in the applications like retail, supply chain, smart cards, aviation, healthcare, public transit and others. The market size of chipless RFID is derived from the usage of chipless RFID in these application segments.

On the basis of geography

• North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and ROW are covered in the report
• North America consists of U.S., Canada, and Mexico
• Europe consists of U.K., Germany, France, Italy, and all other European market
• Asia-Pacific consists of China, India, Japan, and others
• ROW is segmented into Africa, Middle East, and others

Each section will provide market data, market drivers, trends and opportunities, key players, and competitive outlook. This report will also provide market tables for covering the sub-segments and micro-markets. In addition, the report also provides more than 20 company profiles covering all the sub-segments.

TABLE OF CONTENTS   
   
1 INTRODUCTION  
  1.1 KEY TAKEAWAYS  
  1.2 REPORT DESCRIPTION  
  1.3 MARKETS COVERED  
  1.4 STAKEHOLDERS  
  1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  
      1.5.1 MARKET SIZE  
      1.5.2 KEY DATA POINTS FROM SECONDARY SOURCES  
      1.5.3 KEY DATA POINTS FROM PRIMARY SOURCES  
      1.5.4 ASSUMPTIONS MADE FOR THIS REPORT  
  1.6 LIST OF COMPANIES COVERED DURING PRIMARIES  
   
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  
   
3 MARKET OVERVIEW  
  3.1 MARKET DEFINITION & SEGMENTATION  
  3.2 INDUSTRY LIFE CYCLE  
  3.3 CHIPLESS TAGS: THE FUTURE OF RFID  
  3.4 MARKET DYNAMICS  
      3.4.1 DRIVERS  
            3.4.1.1 Low cost  
            3.4.1.2 Easy manufacturing technology  
            3.4.1.3 Compatibility with existing infrastructure  
            3.4.1.4 Data accuracy  
      3.4.2 RESTRAINT  
            3.4.2.1 Low memory  
      3.4.3 OPPORTUNITY  
            3.4.3.1 Government policies related to RFID  
  3.5 WINNING IMPERATIVE  
      3.5.1 TO ACHIEVE LESS THAN ONE CENT PRICE TAG  
  3.6 BURNING ISSUE  
      3.6.1 LOW VOLUME PRODUCTION  
  3.7 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS  
  3.8 PATENT ANALYSIS  
   
4 RFID MARKET, BY TYPES  
  4.1 INTRODUCTION  
  4.2 CHIP-BASED RFID  
      4.2.1 ACTIVE RFID TAG  
      4.2.2 PASSIVE RFID TAG  
      4.2.3 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            4.2.3.1 Drivers  
                    4.2.3.1.1 Decreasing cost  
                    4.2.3.1.2 Higher return on investment  
                    4.2.3.1.3 Improved technology  
            4.2.3.2 Restraint  
                    4.2.3.2.1 Privacy issue  
            4.2.3.3 Opportunity  
                    4.2.3.3.1 Different sectors require RFID (Widening the application sectors)  
  4.3 CHIPLESS RFID  
      4.3.1 COMMERCIAL COMPARISON  
   
5 APPLICATION MARKET  
  5.1 INTRODUCTION  
  5.2 SUPPLY CHAIN  
      5.2.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            5.2.1.1 Drivers  
                    5.2.1.1.1 Increased efficiency  
                    5.2.1.1.2 Better customer service  
                    5.2.1.1.3 Supply chain visibility/data mining  
                    5.2.1.1.4 RFID can be used in any working condition  
            5.2.1.2 Restraints  
                    5.2.1.2.1 Supply chain integration  
                    5.2.1.2.2 Technical problems  
            5.2.1.3 Opportunity  
                    5.2.1.3.1 Government initiative  
  5.3 RETAIL  
      5.3.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            5.3.1.1 Drivers  
                    5.3.1.1.1 Reduces manpower cost  
                    5.3.1.1.2 Prevention of theft, shrink & inventory  
                    5.3.1.1.3 Increased revenues by customer delights (offering better services)  
            5.3.1.2 Restraint  
                    5.3.1.2.1 Cost & return on investment  
            5.3.1.3 Opportunities  
                    5.3.1.3.1 Low cost of chipless RFID tags will lead to higher growth  
                    5.3.1.3.2 Major retailers shifting to RFID  
  5.4 HEALTHCARE & PHARMACEUTICAL  
      5.4.1 CHIPLESS RFID APPLICATIONS IN TRACING HEALTHCARE & PHARMACEUTICAL EQUIPMENT  
  5.5 CHIPLESS RFID APPLICATIONS IN PATIENT MONITORING  
      5.5.1 CHIPLESS RFID IN COUNTERFEITING DRUGS  
      5.5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            5.5.2.1 Drivers  
                    5.5.2.1.1 Asset & human tracing through chipless RFID reduces losses of hospitals  
                    5.5.2.1.2 Reduces losses resulting from counterfeiting of drugs  
                    5.5.2.1.3 Government policies in healthcare mandates tracing of products  
                    5.5.2.1.4 Cost  
            5.5.2.2 Opportunity  
                    5.5.2.2.1 Increased patient safety  
  5.6 SMART CARDS  
      5.6.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            5.6.1.1 DRIVERS  
                    5.6.1.1.1 Rapid growth of smart cards  
                    5.6.1.1.2 Government initiatives for e-passports  
            5.6.1.2 RESTRAINTS  
                    5.6.1.2.1 Readable by other readers in the vicinity  
                    5.6.1.2.2 Less read limit  
            5.6.1.3 OPPORTUNITY  
                    5.6.1.3.1 Potential growth from educational sector  
  5.7 PUBLIC TRANSIT  
      5.7.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            5.7.1.1 DRIVERS  
                    5.7.1.1.1 Increases electronic transaction  
                    5.7.1.1.2 Reduced cost & better customer service  
                    5.7.1.1.3 Better than GPS system  
            5.7.1.2 RESTRAINT  
                    5.7.1.2.1 Managing data leads to additional cost  
            5.7.1.3 OPPORTUNITY  
                    5.7.1.3.1 More economical & works in all conditions  
  5.8 AVIATION  
      5.8.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            5.8.1.1 DRIVERS  
                    5.8.1.1.1 Dynamic/changing conditions in aviation industry  
                    5.8.1.1.2 High rate of lost luggage with legacy technology  
                    5.8.1.1.3 Reduced operating cost  
            5.8.1.2 RESTRAINTS  
                    5.8.1.2.1 Lack of RFID network standardization  
                    5.8.1.2.2 Cost of implementing chipless RFID  
                    5.8.1.2.3 Availability of cheap manpower  
            5.8.1.3 OPPORTUNITY  
                    5.8.1.3.1 Low cost  
  5.9 OTHERS SEGMENT (INCLUDES ANIMAL TAGGING, LIBRARY & DEFENSE)  
      5.9.1 CHIPLESS RFID IN ANIMAL TAGGING & FARMING  
      5.9.2 RFID TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES  
      5.9.3 DEFENSE  
   
6 PRODUCT MARKET  
  6.1 CHIPLESS RFID TAG  
  6.2 READER  
      6.2.1 FIXED READERS  
      6.2.2 HANDHELD (MOBILE READER)  
      6.2.3 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH READERS  
            6.2.3.1 Reader collision  
            6.2.3.2 ’Dense reader’ mode  
  6.3 MIDDLEWARE  
   
7 GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS  
  7.1 NORTH AMERICA  
      7.1.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            7.1.1.1 DRIVERS  
                    7.1.1.1.1 Increasing retail sales volume  
                    7.1.1.1.2 RFID mandated in the U.S.  
            7.1.1.2 RESTRAINT  
                    7.1.1.2.1 Privacy issue  
            7.1.1.3 OPPORTUNITY  
                    7.1.1.3.1 RFID cashier  
  7.2 EUROPE  
      7.2.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            7.2.1.1 DRIVERS  
                    7.2.1.1.1 Large public transport in Europe  
                    7.2.1.1.2 Item level tagging  
                    7.2.1.1.3 R&D activities based in Europe  
            7.2.1.2 RESTRAINTS  
                    7.2.1.2.1 High complexity of systems & organizational difficulties  
                    7.2.1.2.2 Political decision making  
            7.2.1.3 OPPORTUNITY  
                    7.2.1.3.1 European vision of ubiquitous RFID  
  7.3 ASIA-PACIFIC  
      7.3.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            7.3.1.1 DRIVERS  
                    7.3.1.1.1 Potential Chinese market  
                    7.3.1.1.2 Government policies  
            7.3.1.2 RESTRAINTS  
                    7.3.1.2.1 Highly price sensitive  
                    7.3.1.2.2 Lack of standardization  
                    7.3.1.2.3 Substitution of ample human resources  
            7.3.1.3 OPPORTUNITIES  
                    7.3.1.3.1 To overcome shrinkage  
                    7.3.1.3.2 Growing economies  
  7.4 REST OF THE WORLD  
      7.4.1 MARKET DYNAMICS  
            7.4.1.1 DRIVER  
                    7.4.1.1.1 Middle East offers huge potential  
            7.4.1.2 RESTRAINT  
                    7.4.1.2.1 Low awareness level  
            7.4.1.3 OPPORTUNITY  
                    7.4.1.3.1 Government initiatives to support chipless RFID systems  
   
8 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE  
   
9 COMPANY PROFILES  
  9.1 ALIEN TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION  
      9.1.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.1.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.1.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.1.4 STRATEGY  
      9.1.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.2 BASF SE  
      9.2.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.2.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.2.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.2.4 STRATEGY  
      9.2.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.3 CONFIDEX LTD  
      9.3.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.3.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.3.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.3.4 STRATEGY  
      9.3.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.4 DAI NIPPON PRINTING COMPANY LIMITED  
      9.4.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.4.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.4.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.4.4 STRATEGY  
      9.4.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.5 IMPINJ INCORPORATION  
      9.5.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.5.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.5.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.5.4 STRATEGY  
      9.5.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.6 INKSURE TECHNOLOGIES INC  
      9.6.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.6.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.6.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.6.4 STRATEGY  
      9.6.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.7 INTERMEC INC  
      9.7.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.7.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.7.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.7.4 STRATEGY  
      9.7.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.8 KOVIO INC  
      9.8.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.8.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.8.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.8.4 STRATEGY  
      9.8.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.9 SOLIGIE INC  
      9.9.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.9.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.9.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.9.4 STRATEGY  
      9.10 TCM  
      9.10.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.10.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.10.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.10.4 STRATEGY  
      9.10.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.11 TOPPAN FORMS CO. LTD  
      9.11.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.11.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.11.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.11.4 STRATEGY  
      9.11.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.12 TOPPAN PRINTING CO. LTD  
      9.12.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.12.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.12.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.12.4 STRATEGY  
      9.12.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
  9.13 ZEBRA TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION  
      9.13.1 OVERVIEW  
      9.13.2 PRODUCTS & SERVICES  
      9.13.3 FINANCIALS  
      9.13.4 STRATEGY  
      9.13.5 DEVELOPMENTS  
   
APPENDIX   
  U.S. PATENTS  
  EUROPE PATENTS  
  JAPAN PATENTS   
    
   
LIST OF TABLES   
   
TABLE 1 GLOBAL CHIPLESS RFID MARKET REVENUE, BY PRODUCTS, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 2 CHIPLESS RFID MARKET REVENUE, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 3 TECHNICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN CHIP-BASED RFID & CHIPLESS RFID  
TABLE 4 COMPARISON BETWEEN PASSIVE & ACTIVE RFID SYSTEMS  
TABLE 5 COMMERCIAL COMPARISON OF CHIP BASED & CHIPLESS RFID  
TABLE 6 GLOBAL RFID CHIP & CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, BY TAGS, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 7 GLOBAL RFID CHIP & CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, BY MIDDLEWARES, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 8 GLOBAL CHIPLESS RFID, BY APPLICATIONS, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 9 CHIPLESS RFID SUPPLY CHAIN SEGMENT, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 10 GLOBAL RFID CHIP & CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, BY SUPPLY CHAIN, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 11 CHIPLESS RFID MARKET IN RETAIL SEGMENT, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 12 GLOBAL RFID CHIP & CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, BY RETAIL, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 13 CHIPLESS RFID MARKET IN HEALTHCARE & PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 14 GLOBAL RFID CHIP & CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, BY HEALTH CARE, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 15 CHIPLESS RFID MARKET IN SMART CARD SEGMENT, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 16 GLOBAL RFID CHIP & CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, BY SMART CARD, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 17 GLOBAL CHIPLESS RFID IN PUBLIC TRANSIT APPLICATION, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 18 GLOBAL RFID PUBLIC TRANSIT MARKET REVENUE, BY CHIP & CHIPLESS, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 19 CHIPLESS RFID IN AVIATION APPLICATION, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 20 GLOBAL RFID AVIATION MARKET REVENUE, BY CHIP & CHIPLESS, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 21 CHIPLESS RFID IN OTHER APPLICATIONS, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 22 RFID OTHERS MARKET REVENUE, BY CHIP & CHIPLESS, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 23 RFID CHIPLESS TAG MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 24 RFID CHIPLESS READER MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 25 CHIPLESS RFID MIDDLEWARE MARKET REVENUE, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 26 NORTH AMERICA: RFID CHIP & CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 27 EUROPE: RFID CHIP & CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 28 ASIA-PACIFIC: RFID CHIP - CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 29 ROW: RFID CHIP - CHIPLESS MARKET REVENUE, 2010 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
TABLE 30 MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS  
TABLE 31 COLLABORATIONS/PARTNERSHIPS/AGREEMENTS/JOINT VENTURES  
TABLE 32 NEW PRODUCTS LAUNCH  
TABLE 33 OTHERS  
   
    
LIST OF FIGURES    
   
FIGURE 1 SEGMENTATION OF CHIPLESS RFID  
FIGURE 2 INDUSTRY LIFE CYCLE OF GLOBAL CHIPLESS RFID  
FIGURE 3 ADVANTAGES OF CHIPLESS RFID OVER CHIP-BASED RFID  
FIGURE 4 IMPACT ANALYSIS OF MARKET DRIVERS OF CHIPLESS RFID  
FIGURE 5 REDUCING COST OF TAGS  
FIGURE 6 IMPACT ANALYSIS OF MARKET RESTRAINT OF CHIPLESS RFID  
FIGURE 7 MARKET SHARE OF KEY PLAYERS OF CHIPLESS RFID MARKET, 2010 (%)  
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL CHIPLESS RFID PATENTS, BY PRODUCTS, 2008 – 2011  
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL CHIPLESS RFID PATENTS, 2008 – 2011 (E)  
FIGURE 10 CHIPLESS RFID PATENTS, BY GEOGRAPHY, 2008 – 2011 (E)  
FIGURE 11 HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL VIEW OF RFID VALUE CHAIN  
FIGURE 12 SUPPLY CHAIN OPERATION  
FIGURE 13 ANALYSIS OF BAGGAGE MISHANDLING  
FIGURE 14 A SIMPLE CHIPLESS RFID TAG  
FIGURE 15 A SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A CHIPLESS RFID TAG  
FIGURE 16 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CHIPLESS RFID READER  
FIGURE 17 FIXED READERS  
FIGURE 18 HANDHELD (MOBILE READER)  
FIGURE 19 ROLE OF MIDDLEWARE  
FIGURE 20 RETAIL SALES VOLUME FORGES AHEAD  
FIGURE 21 NORTH AMERICA: CHIPLESS RFID MARKET, 2011 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
FIGURE 22 EUROPEAN CONSUMER SPENDING  
FIGURE 23 EUROPE: CHIPLESS RFID MARKET, 2011 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
FIGURE 24 ASIA-PACIFIC: CHIPLESS RFID MARKET,  2011 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
FIGURE 25 ROW: CHIPLESS RFID MARKET, 2011 – 2016 ($MILLION)  
FIGURE 26 KEY GROWTH STRATEGIES

Conventionally RFID has been used mainly for track and trace applications. Chipless RFID is an offshoot of RFID system, which is used for similar function. Chipless RFID is an affordable solution to customers who were reluctant to use RFID due to its high price. Technology advancements to data accuracy and cost-effective solution are driving the growth of the chipless RFID market. Chipless RFID tags expected to see significant growth. The market size of chipless RFID is estimated to be $874 million in 2011 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion with CAGR of 29.3% from 2011 to 2016.

The demand for the chipless RFID market is expected to increase significantly since the price of the chipless RFID tag is expected to reduce up to 1 cent. Chipless RFID is applicable to applications such as retail, supply chain, aviation, healthcare, smart card, public transit, and others. However retail, supply chain, and smart cards are growing at a good pace and expected to provide good growth. U.S., being the pioneer in commercializing RFID technology, is the largest market till today. However looking at the growing economies in Asia-Pacific, it is expected to grow by the highest growth; i.e. 37% of CAGR.

Some of the major players in the chipless RFID market are Texas Instruments (U.S.), Alien Technology (U.S.), Kovio Inc. (U.S.), Impinj Inc. (U.S.), Poly IC (Germany), BASF SE (Germany), Motorola Solutions (U.S), NXP Semiconductor (The Netherlands), Toppan Printing (Japan.) and others.

The chipless RFID market is in introduction phase and has lower market size. In future tags market is expected to grow exponentially. Considering the present economic conditions and the optimistic future conditions, industry players are expected tags to grow at a CAGR of 85%. However the overall market is expected to grow by 29.3%. Despite, chipless RFID is a reliable substitute to the barcode, it can not rule out bar code. Price of bar code is 0.01 cent, where as 1 to 5 cents of chipless RFID tag.

Chipless RFID Market Revenue, by Geography 2010 – 2016 ($Million)

Source: MarketsandMarkets

The global chipless RFID market is expected to reach $1,087.00 million by the end 2011. This market is expected to reach $3,925.00 million by 2016, at an estimated CAGR of 29.3%. The low cost of chipless RFID, much simpler manufacturing technology than conventional silicon based chips manufacturing and higher data accuracy are major drivers of the market.

The second largest share is held by the readers market and is expected to reach $417.00 million by the end of 2011. This market is expected to reach $1205 million by 2016, at an estimated CAGR of 23.6%. The Chipless tag market is expected to reach $375.00 million with the highest CAGR of 83.5%.