Automotive Pump Market

Table of Contents

1 Introduction (Page No. - 16)
    1.1 Objectives of the Study
    1.2 Market Definition
    1.3 Market Scope
           1.3.1 Years Considered For the Study
    1.4 Currency & Pricing
    1.5 Package Size
    1.6 Limitations
    1.7 Stakeholders

2 Research Methodology (Page No. - 20)
    2.1 Research Data
    2.2 Secondary Data
           2.2.1 Key Secondary Sources
           2.2.2 Key Data From Secondary Sources
    2.3 Primary Data
           2.3.1 Sampling Techniques & Data Collection Methods
           2.3.2 Primary Participants
    2.4 Market Size Estimation
           2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
           2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
    2.5 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
    2.6 Assumptions

3 Executive Summary (Page No. - 28)

4 Premium Insights (Page No. - 32)
    4.1 Attractive Opportunities in the Market
    4.2 Market Share, By Country
    4.3 Market, By Type
    4.4 Market, By Vehicle Type
    4.5 Market, By Technology
    4.6 Market, By Displacement
    4.7 Market, By Ev
    4.8 Market, By Region

5 Market Overview (Page No. - 37)
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Market Dynamics
           5.2.1 Drivers
                    5.2.1.1 Rising Focus of Automakers Toward Fuel-Efficient Vehicles
                    5.2.1.2 Stringent Emission Norms By Government Regulatory Authorities
           5.2.2 Restraints
                    5.2.2.1 Anticipated Growth of Electric Vehicles in the Coming Years
                    5.2.2.2 Increase in Installation of Electric Power Steering in Passenger Cars
           5.2.3 Opportunities
                    5.2.3.1 Growth in the Use of Ethanol Fuel in the Automotive Industry
                    5.2.3.2 Increasing Trend of Engine Downsizing
           5.2.4 Challenges
                    5.2.4.1 Increase in the Cost of Electrification of Automotive Pumps

6 Market, By Type (Page No. - 46)
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Research Methodology
    6.3 Fuel Pump
           6.3.1 Stringent Emission Norms Across the Globe are Expected to Drive the Market
    6.4 Water Pump
           6.4.1 Increasing Sales of Commercial Vehicles is Expected to Drive the Water Pump Market
    6.5 Windshield Washer Pump
           6.5.1 Improved Efficiency of Windshield Washing By Electric Pumps to Drive the Market
    6.6 Steering Pump
           6.6.1 Integration of Hydraulic Steering System is Expected to Drive the Steering Pump Market
    6.7 Transmission Oil Pump
           6.7.1 Emission Norms in the Automotive Industry are Likely to Have an Impact on the Transmission Oil Pump Market
    6.8 Fuel Injection Pump
           6.8.1 Mechanically Operated Fuel Injection Pump Has the Largest Market Share Due to Conventional Powertrain in Vehicles
    6.9 Vacuum Pump
           6.9.1 Demand For Highly Efficient Fuel Injection System is Expected to Boost the Vacuum Pump Market
    6.1 Headlight Washer Pump
           6.10.1 Increase in Premium Vehicle Sales is Driving the Growth of Headlight Washer Pumps
    6.11 Key Primary Insights

7 Market, By Vehicle Type (Page No. - 58)
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Research Methodology
    7.3 Passenger Car (PC)
           7.3.1 Rise in Demand For Passenger Cars is Expected to Drive the Market
    7.4 Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV)
           7.4.1 Increasing Sales of Light Commercial Vehicles in North America is Expected to Drive the Market
    7.5 Heavy Commercial Vehicle (HCV)
           7.5.1 Improved Powertrain and Cooling System to Drive the Heavy Commercial Vehicle Market
    7.6 Key Primary Insights

8 Market, By Technology (Page No. - 65)
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Research Methodology
    8.3 Electric Pump
           8.3.1 Electric Segment is Expected to Register Fastest Growth Rate in the Coming Years
    8.4 Mechanical Pump
           8.4.1 Mechanical Pump is Expected to Remain Largest Market in the Market During the Forecast Period
    8.5 Key Primary Insights

9 Market, By Displacement (Page No. - 71)
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Research Methodology
    9.3 Fixed Displacement
           9.3.1 Fixed Displacement Pumps are Likely to Remain at A Leading Position in the Coming Years
    9.4 Variable Displacement
           9.4.1 Reduction in Energy Losses is Likely to Drive the Growth of Variable Pump in Market
    9.5 Key Primary Insights

10 Market, By Ev Type (Page No. - 77)
     10.1 Introduction
     10.2 Research Methodology
     10.3 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
             10.3.1 Increase in Demand For Zero Emission BEVs is Expected to Witness Exponential Growth
     10.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
             10.4.1 Increase in Government Emphasis to Make Consumer Aware of Pollution is Expected to Push the FCEV Market
     10.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
             10.5.1 HEV Possess the Largest Market Share in Vehicle Fleet Thus, Holds the Largest Market For Automotive Pumps
     10.6 Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle (PHEV)
             10.6.1 High Inclination of Major Oems to Produce PHEVs is Pushing the Growth of Market
     10.7 Key Primary Insights

11 Market, By Off-Highway Vehicle Type (Page No. - 85)
     11.1 Introduction
     11.2 Construction Equipment
     11.3 Mining Equipment

12 Market, By Region (Page No. - 88)
     12.1 Introduction
     12.2 Asia Pacific
             12.2.1 China
                        12.2.1.1 Highest Production of Vehicles in China is Expected to Boost the Market
             12.2.2 India
                        12.2.2.1 India is Estimated to Be the Fastest Market in Asia Pacific Region
             12.2.3 Japan
                        12.2.3.1 Japan is the Second Largest Market For Automotive Pump in Asia Pacific
             12.2.4 South Korea
                        12.2.4.1 Passenger Car Segment is Estimated to Be the Largest Market in South Korea in 2019
             12.2.5 Thailand
                        12.2.5.1 Thailand is Appeared to Be the Third Fastest Market After China and India
             12.2.6 Rest of Asia Pacific
                        12.2.6.1 Passenger Car Segment is Estimated to Be the Fastest as Well as Largest Market By 2027 in Rest of Asia Pacific
     12.3 Europe
             12.3.1 France
                        12.3.1.1 Heavy Commercial Vehicle Segment is Likely to Be the Fastest Market in France
             12.3.2 Germany
                        12.3.2.1 German Market is Projected to Be the Largest Market in Europe Region
             12.3.3 Russia
                        12.3.3.1 Passenger Car Segment is Expected to Register Fastest Growth By 2027 in Russia
             12.3.4 Spain
                        12.3.4.1 Spain is the Third Largest Market After Germany and France in the Market Study
             12.3.5 Turkey
                        12.3.5.1 Turkey is Fastest Growing Market in the Europe Region During the Forecast Period
             12.3.6 UK
                        12.3.6.1 Light Commercial Vehicle Market is Likely to Register Fastest Growing Market in UK in the Coming Years
             12.3.7 Rest of Europe
                        12.3.7.1 Passenger Car Segment is Expected to Be the Largest Market in Rest of Europe
     12.4 North America
             12.4.1 Canada
                        12.4.1.1 Light Commercial Vehicle Segment is the Largest Market in Canada
             12.4.2 Mexico
                        12.4.2.1 Mexico is Likely to Be the Fastest Growing Market in North America Region
             12.4.3 US
                        12.4.3.1 US is Likely to Record Largest Growth on North America Region
     12.5 Rest of the World (RoW)
             12.5.1 Brazil
                        12.5.1.1 Rise in the Demand of Passenger Car in the Country is Attributed to the Growth of Market
             12.5.2 Iran
                        12.5.2.1 Growth in Automotive Industry in Iran is Fuelling the Growth of Market
             12.5.3 South Africa
                        12.5.3.1 Increasing Sales of Passenger Car in South Africa is Contributing to the Growth of Market

13 Competitive Landscape (Page No. - 113)
     13.1 Overview
     13.2 Market Ranking Analysis
     13.3 Competitive Situations & Trends
             13.3.1 New Product Developments
             13.3.2 Expansions
             13.3.3 Partnerships/Supply Contracts/Collaborations/Joint Ventures/Agreements/Mergers & Acquisitions
     13.4 Competitive Leadership Mapping (Major Key Players)
             13.4.1 Visionary Leaders
             13.4.2 Innovators
             13.4.3 Dynamic Differentiators
             13.4.4 Emerging Companies
     13.5 Competitive Leadership Mapping (SME/Start-Ups)
             13.5.1 Progressive Company
             13.5.2 Resposive Companies
             13.5.3 Dynamic Companies
             13.5.4 Starting Blocks

14 Company Profiles (Page No. - 123)
(Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, SWOT Analysis, MnM View)* 
     14.1 Aisin Seiki
     14.2 Delphi
     14.3 Denso
     14.4 Johnson Electric
     14.5 Robert Bosch
     14.6 KSPG (Rheinmetall Automotive)
     14.7 Magna International
     14.8 SHW
     14.9 ZF Trw
     14.10 Continental
     14.11 Valeo
     14.12 Hitachi
     14.13 Other Key Regional Players
             14.13.1 Asia Pacific
                        14.13.1.1 Mikuni
                        14.13.1.2 Mitsubishi Electric
                        14.13.1.3 Gmb Corporation
                        14.13.1.4 Pricol
             14.13.2 Europe
                        14.13.2.1 Mahle
                        14.13.2.2 Magneti Marelli
                        14.13.2.3 Wabco Holdings
                        14.13.2.4 Repxpert (Schaeffler)
             14.13.3 North America
                        14.13.3.1 Cummins
                        14.13.3.2 Infineon
                        14.13.3.3 Hella
                        14.13.3.4 Ti Automotive
             14.13.4 Rest of the World
                        14.13.4.1 Schadek
*Details on Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, SWOT Analysis, MnM View Might Not Be Captured in Case of Unlisted Companies. 

15 Appendix (Page No. - 154)
     15.1 Discussion Guide
     15.2 Knowledge Store: Marketsandmarkets’ Subscription Portal
     15.3 Available Customizations
             15.3.1 Additional Company Profiles
                        15.3.1.1 Business Overview
                        15.3.1.2 SWOT Analysis
                        15.3.1.3 Recent Developments
                        15.3.1.4 MnM View
             15.3.2 Detaled Analysis of the Market, By Type
             15.3.3 Detaled Analysis of the Market , By Vehicle Type
                        15.3.3.1 Buses
                        15.3.3.2 Trucks
     15.4 Related Reports
     15.5 Author Details

List of Tables (55 Tables)

Table 1 Impact of Market Dynamics
Table 2 Global Emission Regulations in Major Countries
Table 3 Market, By Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 4 Fuel Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 5 Water Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 6 Windshield Washer Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 7 Steering Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 8 Transmission Oil Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 9 Fuel Injection Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 10 Vacuum Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 11 Headlight Washer Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 12 Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 13 Passenger Car Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 14 Light Commercial Vehicle Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 15 Heavy Commercial Vehicle Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 16 Market, By Technology, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 17 Electric Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 18 Mechanical Pump Market for Automotive, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 19 Market, By Displacement, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 20 Fixed : Market, By Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 21 Variable: Market, By Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 22 Market, By Ev Type, 2017–2027 (USD Thousand)
Table 23 BEV: Global Automotive Pump Market, By Type, 2017–2027 (USD Thousand)
Table 24 FCEV: Automotive Pump Market Size, By Type, 2017–2027 (USD Thousand)
Table 25 HEV: Automotive Pump Market Size, By Type, 2017–2027 (USD Thousand)
Table 26 PHEV: Automotive Pump Market Size, By Type, 2017–2027 (Thousand)
Table 27 Global Airport Construction Projects, By Country
Table 28 Key Players in Autonomous Mining Equipment Market
Table 29 Market, By Region, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 30 Asia Pacific: Market, By Country, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 31 China: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 32 India: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 33 Japan: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 34 South Korea: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 35 Thailand: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 36 Rest of Asia Pacific: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 37 Europe: Market, By Country, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 38 France: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 39 Germany: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 40 Russia: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 41 Spain: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 42 Turkey: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 43 UK: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 44 Rest of Europe: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 45 North America: Market, By Country, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 46 Canada: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 47 Mexico: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 48 US: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 49 RoW: Market, By Country, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 50 Brazil: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 51 Iran: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 52 South Africa: Market, By Vehicle Type, 2017–2027 (USD Million)
Table 53 New Product Developments, 2016–2019
Table 54 Expansions, 2016–2019
Table 55 Partnerships/Supply Contracts/Collaborations/Joint Ventures/Agreements/Mergers & Acquisitions, 2016–2019

List of Figures (56 Figures)

Figure 1 Market: Segments Covered
Figure 2 Market: Research Design
Figure 3 Research Methodology Model
Figure 4 Breakdown of Primary Interviews
Figure 5 Market Size Estimation Methodology For the Market: Bottom-Up Approach
Figure 6 Market Size Estimation Methodology For the Market: Top-Down Approach
Figure 7 Data Triangulation
Figure 8 Market: Market Dynamics
Figure 9 Market, By Region, 2019–2027 (USD Million)
Figure 10 Market, By Type, 2019 vs. 2027
Figure 11 High Demand For Fuel Efficient Vehicles Coupled With Increasing Production of Vehicles is Likely to Boost the Growth of the Market From 2019 to 2027
Figure 12 Turkey is Estimated to Be the Fastest Growing Market From 2019 to 2027
Figure 13 Steering Pump Segment is Expected to Be the Largest Market By 2027, (USD Million)
Figure 14 Passenger Car Segment is Expected to Be the Largest Market By 2027, (USD Million)
Figure 15 Mechanical Technology is Expected to Be the Largest Market, 2019 vs. 2027, (USD Million)
Figure 16 Fixed Displacement Pump is Expected to Hold the Largest Share of Market, 2019 vs. 2027, (USD Million)
Figure 17 HEV Segment is Expected to Hold the Largest Market Share, 2019 vs. 2027, (‘000 Units)
Figure 18 Asia Pacific is Expected to Be the Largest Market, 2019 vs. 2027, (USD Million)
Figure 19 Automotive Pump: Market Dynamics
Figure 20 Total Vehicle Sales vs. Fuel Consumption in the Us
Figure 21 Non-Road Vehicle Emission Regulation Outlook
Figure 22 Rising Adoption Rate of Battery Electric Vehicles is A Restraint For Automotive Fuel Injection Pumps
Figure 23 Carbon Emission in Electric Power and Transportation Sector
Figure 24 Canada: Production and Consumption of Ethanol, (Million Liters)
Figure 25 Cost of Electronics Out of the Total Cost of Vehicle
Figure 26 Steering Pump Segment is Expected to Dominate the Market By 2027, 2019 vs. 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 27 Passenger Car Segment is Expected to Dominate the Market By 2027, 2019 vs. 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 28 Mechanical Pump Segment is Expected to Dominate the Market By 2027, 2019 vs. 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 29 Fixed Segment is Expected to Dominate the Market By 2027, 2019 vs. 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 30 HEV Segment is Expected to Be the Largest Segment in the Market, By EvType,2019–2027
Figure 31 Asia Pacific to Dominate the Market During the Forecast Period in Terms of Value
Figure 32 Asia Pacific: Market Snapshot
Figure 33 Europe: Market 2019 vs. 2027
Figure 34 North America: Market Snapshot
Figure 35 RoW: Market, By Country, 2019 vs. 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 36 Key Developments By Leading Players in theMarket For 2015–2019
Figure 37 Aisin Seiki Led the Market in 2018
Figure 38 Market (Global): Competitive Leadership Mapping, 2019
Figure 39 Competitive Leadership Mapping (SME), 2019
Figure 40 Aisin Seiki: Company Snapshot
Figure 41 Aisin Seiki: SWOT Analysis
Figure 42 Delphi: Company Snapshot
Figure 43 Delphi: SWOT Analysis
Figure 44 Denso: Company Snapshot
Figure 45 Denso: SWOT Analysis
Figure 46 Johnson Electric: Company Snapshot
Figure 47 Johnson Electric: SWOT Analysis
Figure 48 Robert Bosch: Company Snapshot
Figure 49 Robert Bosch: SWOT Analysis
Figure 50 KSPG: Company Snapshot
Figure 51 Magna International: Company Snapshot
Figure 52 SHW: Company Snapshot
Figure 53 ZF: Company Snapshot
Figure 54 Continental: Company Snapshot
Figure 55 Valeo: Company Snapshot
Figure 56 Hitachi: Company Snapshot

The study involved 4 major activities in estimating the market size for automotive pumps. Exhaustive secondary research was done to collect information on the market, peer market, and parent market. The next step was to validate these findings, assumptions, and sizing with industry experts across value chains through primary research. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches were employed to estimate the overall market size. Thereafter, market breakdown and data triangulation were used to estimate the market size of segments and subsegments.

Secondary Research

Various secondary sources have been used in the secondary research process to identify and collect information useful for an extensive commercial study of the global market. Secondary sources include company annual reports/presentations, press releases, industry association publications, India Electronics & Semiconductor Association, ARTEMIS Industry Association, European Automotive Research Partners Association (EARPA), International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA), Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA), China Association Of Automoblie Manufacturers (CAAM), automotive magazine articles, directories, technical handbooks, World Economic Outlook, trade websites, technical articles, and databases (Marklines and Factiva).

Primary Research

Extensive primary research has been conducted after acquiring an understanding of the market scenario through secondary research. Several primary interviews have been conducted with market experts from the demand- and supply-side OEMs [(in terms of component supply), country-level government associations, and trade associations] and component manufacturers across 4 major regions, namely, Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and the Rest of the World. Approximately 23% and 77% of primary interviews have been conducted from the demand and supply side, respectively. Primary data has been collected through questionnaires, emails, and telephonic interviews. In the canvassing of primaries, we have strived to cover various departments within organizations, such as sales, operations, and administration, to provide a holistic viewpoint in our report.

After interacting with industry experts, we have also conducted brief sessions with highly experienced independent consultants to reinforce the findings from our primaries. This, along with the in-house subject-matter expert’s opinions, has led us to the findings as described in the remainder of this report.

Following is the breakdown of primary respondents:

To know about the assumptions considered for the study, download the pdf brochure

Market Size Estimation

Both top-down and bottom-up approaches were used to estimate and validate the total size of the market. These methods were also used extensively to estimate the size of various subsegments in the market. The research methodology used to estimate the market size includes the following:

• The key players in the industry and markets have been identified through extensive secondary research.
• The industry’s supply chain and market size, in terms of value, have been determined through primary and secondary research processes.
• All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns have been determined using secondary sources and verified through primary sources.

Data Triangulation

After arriving at the overall market size-using the market size estimation processes as explained above-the market was split into several segments and subsegments. To complete the overall market engineering process and arrive at the exact statistics of each market segment and subsegment, data triangulation and market breakdown procedures were employed, wherever applicable. The data was triangulated by studying various factors and trends from both demand and supply sides.

Report Objectives

• To analyze and forecast the market, in terms of value (USD million), from 2019 to 2027
• To provide detailed information regarding the major factors influencing the growth of the market (drivers, restraints, opportunities, and industry-specific challenges)
• To analyze the regional markets for growth trends, prospects, and their contribution to the overall market
• To segment and forecast the market, by value, on the basis of region (Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World)
• To segment and forecast the market, by value, on the basis of type (fuel pump, fuel injection pump, water pump, windshield washer pump, steering pump, transmission oil pump, vacuum pump, and headlight washer pump)
• To segment and forecast the market, by value, on the basis of vehicle type (passenger car, light commercial vehicle, and heavy commercial vehicle)
• To segment and forecast the market, by value, on the basis of electric vehicle type (BEV, HEV, PHEV, and FCEV)
• To segment and forecast the market, by value, on the basis of technology (electric and mechanical)
• To segment and forecast the market, by value, on the basis of displacement (variable and fixed)
• To analyze opportunities for stakeholders and the competitive landscape for market leaders
• To strategically profile key players and comprehensively analyze their respective market share and core competencies
• To track and analyze competitive developments such as joint ventures, mergers & acquisitions, new product launches, expansions, and other activities undertaken by the key industry participants

Scope Of The Report

This research report categorizes the market based on type, vehicle type, EV, technology, displacement, off-highway vehicles, and region.

On the basis of type, the market has been segmented as follows:

• Fuel pump
• Fuel injection pump
• Water pump
• Windshield pump
• Steering pump
• Transmission oil pump
• Vacuum pump
• Headlight washer pump

On the basis of electric vehicle type, the market has been segmented as follows:

• BEV
• FCEV
• HEV
• PHEV

On the basis of vehicle type, the market has been segmented as follows:

• Passenger Cars
• Light Commercial Vehicles
• Heavy Commercial Vehicles

On the basis of technology, the market has been segmented as follows:

• Electric
• Mechanical

On the basis of displacement, the market has been segmented as follows:

• Variable displacement
• Fixed displacement

On the basis of off-highway vehicles, the market has been segmented as follows:

• Construction equipment
• Mining equipment

On the basis of region, the market has been segmented as follows:

• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Thailand
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
• Europe
  • France
  • Germany
  • Russia
  • Spain
  • Turkey
  • UK
  • Rest of Europe
• North America
  • US
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• RoW
  • Brazil
  • Iran
  • South Africa

Available Customizations

Detailed analysis of market, by type

Detailed analysis of market, by vehicle type

• Buses
• Trucks

Company Information

• Profiling of Additional Market Players (Up to 3)