Mining is the process of extracting natural resources from the earth which are reserved in forms of minerals, metals, and other geological materials. These reserves are extracted in forms of mineral and metal ores which are then processed for further use. Mineral and metal mining has been done since ages and the process of mining has gone through many changes with the innovation of new technologies in mining processes. There are systematic stages which need to be followed in mineral and metal mining process that include mineral/ metal exploration, analysis of the profit potential of the chosen mine, quantification of grade and tonnage, extraction of the mineral/ metal and reclamation of the mined land. The most commonly mined minerals and metals are Coal, Iron Ore, Aluminum, Copper, Cobalt, Lead, Lithium, Manganese, Potash, Silica, Gold, Silver, Sulfur, Gypsum, Zinc, and Mica.

The mineral and metal mining industry is continuously growing with the increasing demand for commodities day by day. The rising population and improving GDP are the factors which are leading the commodity market to grow at a high pace. This in turn is accelerating the need of mining more natural resources. The companies are focusing on integrating their entire supply and value chain in order to control the cost and quality so as to keep the price low.

Asia-Pacific region in mineral and metal mining industry has been showing many important developments and is expected to grow at a higher rate than most other regions in the world. Countries such as China, India, the U.S., Australia and Russia are expected to lead the global mineral and metal mining market in the coming years.

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The mineral and metal mining industry refers to the sector involved in the extraction and processing of minerals and metals from the Earth's crust. It encompasses the exploration, development, and production of various mineral resources, including precious metals (such as gold, silver, and platinum), base metals (such as copper, zinc, and nickel), industrial minerals (such as limestone, gypsum, and kaolin), and energy minerals (such as coal and uranium).

The mining industry plays a crucial role in the global economy by providing essential raw materials for various industries, including construction, manufacturing, electronics, and energy production. It involves activities such as prospecting and exploration to identify mineral deposits, mining operations to extract the minerals from the ground, and subsequent processing to refine them into usable forms.

Mining operations can take different forms, depending on the type of deposit and the desired mineral or metal. These can include open-pit mining, underground mining, placer mining, and mountaintop removal mining, among others. The industry utilizes various techniques and technologies to extract and process minerals and metals efficiently while minimizing environmental impacts.

The mineral and metal mining industry also encompasses ancillary activities, such as transportation, storage, and marketing of the extracted materials. Additionally, it involves environmental management, including land reclamation and mine site remediation, to mitigate the impact of mining activities on ecosystems and local communities.

Overall, the mineral and metal mining industry is a significant sector that contributes to economic growth and development, but it also faces challenges related to sustainability, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility. Efforts are being made to ensure responsible mining practices that prioritize environmental protection, social welfare, and sustainable resource management.

Mineral and Metal Mining & Industry Futuristic Scope

The mineral and metal mining industry has a futuristic scope that encompasses several key areas of development and advancement. Here are some potential aspects of the industry's future:

1. Technological Innovations: The mining industry will continue to adopt and develop advanced technologies to improve efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. Automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence (AI) will play a significant role in areas such as autonomous vehicles, remote-controlled drilling and blasting, and smart monitoring systems. These technologies can enhance productivity, reduce costs, and minimize human exposure to hazardous environments.
2. Sustainable Practices: The industry will increasingly focus on sustainable mining practices that prioritize environmental stewardship, resource efficiency, and community engagement. This includes implementing technologies and processes to reduce energy consumption, water usage, and greenhouse gas emissions. Mining companies will also strive for responsible land reclamation, biodiversity conservation, and the use of renewable energy sources.
3. Deep-sea and Space Mining: With the depletion of easily accessible mineral deposits on land, the mining industry may expand into untapped frontiers such as deep-sea mining and space mining. Deep-sea mining involves extracting minerals from the ocean floor, while space mining explores the extraction of valuable resources from celestial bodies like asteroids and the Moon. Advancements in exploration technology and resource extraction techniques will be crucial for these ventures.
4. Circular Economy and Recycling: As concerns about resource scarcity and environmental impact grow, the mining industry will play a role in promoting a circular economy approach. This involves maximizing the recovery, recycling, and reuse of minerals and metals from end-of-life products. Mining companies may invest in technologies for efficient recycling and develop sustainable supply chains to reduce reliance on primary raw materials.
5. Responsible Supply Chains: There is an increasing emphasis on transparency and ethical sourcing in supply chains. The mining industry will need to address issues related to conflict minerals, human rights, and labor practices. Implementing responsible sourcing initiatives, traceability systems, and certification programs will be essential to meet evolving consumer and regulatory demands.
6. Digital Transformation: The mining industry will undergo a digital transformation, leveraging big data analytics, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and cloud computing to optimize operations and decision-making. Real-time data collection and analysis can enhance productivity, safety, and asset management. Digital platforms and collaboration tools will also facilitate communication and knowledge sharing across the industry.
7. Social and Community Engagement: Mining companies will increasingly focus on building positive relationships with local communities and indigenous groups. This involves meaningful engagement, addressing social impacts, and sharing economic benefits. Community development initiatives, education, and skills training programs can contribute to sustainable socio-economic development in mining regions.

It's important to note that these futuristic aspects of the mining industry are subject to various factors, including technological advancements, regulatory frameworks, societal expectations, and environmental considerations. The industry's evolution will require collaboration among stakeholders, including mining companies, governments, communities, and environmental organizations, to ensure a sustainable and responsible future. 

Mineral and Metal Mining Industry Merger & Acquisition

The mineral and metal mining industry has a history of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as companies seek to consolidate their operations, expand their resource base, and gain a competitive advantage. M&A activities in the mining industry can take several forms, including mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, and strategic partnerships. Here are some common reasons for M&A in the mining industry:

1. Resource Consolidation: Companies may pursue M&A to acquire mineral deposits and expand their resource base. By combining operations, companies can optimize production, reduce costs, and extend the lifespan of existing mines. M&A allows companies to gain access to new reserves, diversify their portfolio, and strengthen their position in the market.
2. Operational Synergies: M&A can generate operational synergies by combining complementary assets and capabilities. For example, a mining company with expertise in exploration and development may acquire a company with efficient extraction and processing technologies. By integrating operations, companies can improve efficiency, streamline processes, and reduce duplication, leading to cost savings and improved profitability.
3. Market Expansion: M&A can provide access to new markets and customers. Companies may acquire mining operations in different geographic regions to expand their presence and tap into emerging markets. This enables companies to diversify their revenue streams and reduce dependency on specific regions or commodities.
4. Technological Advancements: M&A can facilitate the transfer of technology and innovation. Acquiring a company with advanced mining technologies or expertise in sustainable practices can accelerate technological advancements within the acquiring company. This can lead to improved operational efficiency, environmental performance, and safety standards.
5. Financial Considerations: M&A activities can be driven by financial factors such as cost savings, economies of scale, and improved access to capital. Consolidation can result in reduced overhead costs, optimized supply chains, and enhanced negotiating power with suppliers. Merging companies may also benefit from improved financial stability and increased access to financing options.
6. Risk Mitigation: M&A can help mitigate risks associated with commodity price volatility, political instability, and regulatory changes. Diversification through acquiring assets in different regions or commodities can help balance risk exposure and enhance resilience to market fluctuations.
7. Strategic Positioning: M&A activities can be driven by strategic positioning within the industry. Companies may seek to become industry leaders, consolidate their market share, or enter new segments of the value chain. M&A can enable companies to align their business strategies with market trends and capitalize on emerging opportunities.

It's important to note that M&A activities in the mining industry are subject to regulatory approvals, stakeholder considerations, and thorough due diligence to assess the value, feasibility, and potential risks of the transaction. The success of M&A in the mining industry depends on careful planning, integration strategies, and effective management of operational and cultural differences between merging entities.

Key Segments in Mineral and Metal Mining Market Industry

The mineral and metal mining market industry can be segmented into several key segments based on various factors such as mineral type, mining method, end-use industry, and geographic regions. Here are some of the key segments in the industry:

1. Mineral Type: a. Precious Metals: Includes gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. b. Base Metals: Includes copper, zinc, nickel, lead, and tin. c. Industrial Minerals: Includes limestone, gypsum, kaolin, silica, and phosphate. d. Energy Minerals: Includes coal, uranium, and other minerals used in energy production.
2. Mining Method: a. Open-Pit Mining: Involves the extraction of minerals from open pits or surface mines. b. Underground Mining: Involves the extraction of minerals from underground deposits using tunnels and shafts. c. Placer Mining: Involves the extraction of minerals from alluvial deposits such as rivers, beaches, or streams. d. Mountaintop Removal Mining: Involves the removal of mountaintops to access coal or other mineral deposits.
3. End-Use Industry: a. Construction: The mining industry supplies minerals and metals used in construction materials such as aggregates, cement, and steel. b. Manufacturing: Various minerals and metals are used in the manufacturing sector for the production of automobiles, machinery, electronics, and appliances. c. Energy: The mining industry plays a vital role in supplying minerals and metals for energy production, including coal for electricity generation and uranium for nuclear power. d. Jewelry and Luxury Goods: Precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum are essential for jewelry and luxury goods manufacturing. e. Infrastructure and Transportation: Minerals and metals are used in infrastructure development, transportation systems, and the production of vehicles and aircraft.
4. Geographic Regions: a. North America b. Europe c. Asia-Pacific d. Latin America e. Middle East and Africa

These segments provide a framework for understanding the diverse nature of the mineral and metal mining market industry. It's important to note that the industry is dynamic, and specific segmentations may vary based on factors such as regional characteristics, market demand, and evolving industry trends.

Subsegments in Mineral and Metal Mining Market Industry

Within the mineral and metal mining market industry, there are various subsegments that further categorize the different aspects of the industry. These subsegments provide a more detailed understanding of the specific components and activities within the industry. Here are some key subsegments:

1. Precious Metals: a. Gold Mining: Includes subsegments such as underground gold mining, open-pit gold mining, and alluvial gold mining. b. Silver Mining: Involves the extraction of silver from various sources, including silver-rich ores and by-product mining. c. Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) Mining: Covers the mining of platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium.
2. Base Metals: a. Copper Mining: Involves the extraction of copper from ore deposits, including both sulfide and oxide ores. b. Zinc Mining: Focuses on the extraction of zinc from mineral deposits, such as sphalerite. c. Nickel Mining: Involves the extraction of nickel from nickel-bearing ores, often found alongside copper and cobalt. d. Lead Mining: Covers the extraction of lead from galena or other lead-containing minerals. e. Tin Mining: Involves the extraction of tin from tin-bearing minerals, such as cassiterite.
3. Industrial Minerals: a. Limestone Mining: Focuses on the extraction of limestone for various applications, including construction materials and cement production. b. Gypsum Mining: Involves the extraction of gypsum used in the production of plaster, drywall, and cement. c. Kaolin Mining: Covers the extraction of kaolin, a clay mineral used in ceramics, paper, and other industries. d. Silica Mining: Involves the extraction of silica used in the production of glass, ceramics, and electronics. e. Phosphate Mining: Focuses on the extraction of phosphate rock used in the production of fertilizers and animal feed.
4. Energy Minerals: a. Coal Mining: Covers the extraction of coal, including both underground and surface mining methods. b. Uranium Mining: Involves the extraction of uranium used as fuel in nuclear power plants. c. Other Energy Minerals: Includes the extraction of minerals such as oil sands, oil shale, and natural gas from unconventional sources.

These subsegments highlight the specific minerals or metals being targeted for extraction and the distinctive characteristics of each subsector within the mineral and metal mining industry. It's important to note that these subsegments may vary in significance and prevalence based on regional factors, market demand, and evolving industry dynamics.

Mineral and Metal Mining Market Industry Eco-system

The mineral and metal mining market industry ecosystem comprises various interconnected stakeholders and components that contribute to the overall functioning of the sector. These components work together to enable the exploration, extraction, processing, and distribution of minerals and metals. Here are some key elements of the mineral and metal mining industry ecosystem:

1. Mining Companies: These are the primary entities engaged in mineral and metal extraction. They invest in exploration, develop mining operations, and employ various mining techniques to extract minerals from the earth's crust.
2. Suppliers and Equipment Manufacturers: Companies that provide equipment, machinery, tools, and services to support mining operations. This includes manufacturers of mining machinery, drilling equipment, transportation systems, and technology providers.
3. Exploration and Geology Services: Companies specializing in geological surveys, exploration, and mineral resource assessment. They conduct studies to identify potential mineral deposits and provide data and analysis to mining companies.
4. Regulatory Bodies and Government Agencies: Government entities responsible for establishing and enforcing regulations, policies, and permits related to mineral and metal mining. They ensure compliance with environmental standards, safety regulations, and land-use policies.
5. Research and Development Institutions: Academic institutions, research organizations, and industry associations that conduct research and development activities related to mining technologies, sustainable practices, and environmental stewardship.
6. Financial Institutions: Banks, investment firms, and financial institutions that provide funding, investment, and capital for mining projects. They play a crucial role in financing exploration, development, and expansion of mining operations.
7. Environmental and Social Organizations: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), environmental groups, and community organizations that advocate for sustainable mining practices, environmental protection, and social responsibility. They monitor and raise awareness about the environmental and social impacts of mining activities.
8. Local Communities: Communities living in proximity to mining operations, whose livelihoods and well-being may be directly affected by mining activities. Engaging with local communities is crucial for maintaining positive relationships, addressing social impacts, and ensuring sustainable development.
9. Transportation and Logistics: Companies involved in transporting and logistics services, including shipping, railways, and trucking, that enable the movement of minerals and metals from mining sites to processing facilities and end-users.
10. End-Use Industries: Industries that utilize minerals and metals as raw materials in their production processes, such as construction, manufacturing, energy, electronics, automotive, and jewelry.
11. Recycling and Waste Management: Entities involved in the recycling and waste management of mining by-products, tailings, and end-of-life products to minimize environmental impacts and promote circular economy principles.

The mineral and metal mining industry ecosystem is complex, involving multiple stakeholders with diverse interests and responsibilities. Collaboration among these stakeholders is essential to ensure sustainable mining practices, environmental protection, and social well-being.

Top players in Mineral and Metal Mining Market Industry

The mineral and metal mining market industry is characterized by the presence of several major players that operate on a global scale. These companies have extensive mining operations, diverse portfolios of mineral resources, and significant market influence. While the specific ranking may vary based on criteria such as revenue, market capitalization, or production volume, here are some of the top players in the mineral and metal mining industry:

1. BHP (formerly BHP Billiton): BHP, headquartered in Australia, is one of the world's largest mining companies. It is involved in the extraction of a wide range of commodities, including iron ore, copper, coal, petroleum, and nickel. BHP operates across multiple continents and has a strong presence in Australia, the Americas, and Asia.
2. Rio Tinto: Rio Tinto, a multinational mining company based in the United Kingdom and Australia, is a leading player in the global mining industry. It is engaged in the production of iron ore, aluminum, copper, diamonds, and other minerals. Rio Tinto has mining operations and projects spanning several continents, including Australia, North America, and Africa.
3. Vale: Vale, headquartered in Brazil, is one of the largest producers of iron ore and nickel globally. It also has significant operations in copper, coal, and fertilizers. Vale operates in multiple countries and is a major player in the mining industry, particularly in South America.
4. Anglo American: Anglo American, based in the United Kingdom, is a diversified mining company involved in the extraction of various minerals, including diamonds, platinum, copper, iron ore, and coal. It has operations across Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Australia.
5. Glencore: Glencore, a multinational commodity trading and mining company headquartered in Switzerland, is a prominent player in the mining industry. It is involved in the production and marketing of a wide range of commodities, including copper, zinc, nickel, coal, and oil. Glencore operates globally and has a strong presence in Africa, Australia, and the Americas.
6. Freeport-McMoRan: Freeport-McMoRan, based in the United States, is a leading producer of copper, gold, and molybdenum. It operates large-scale mining projects primarily in the Americas, including the Grasberg mine in Indonesia, one of the world's largest gold and copper mines.
7. Newmont: Newmont is one of the world's largest gold mining companies, headquartered in the United States. It operates gold mines in several countries, including the United States, Australia, Ghana, and Peru. Newmont has a significant presence in the global gold mining industry.
8. Barrick Gold: Barrick Gold, based in Canada, is another major player in the global gold mining sector. It owns and operates gold mines in various countries, including the United States, Australia, and Africa. Barrick Gold is known for its large-scale gold production and exploration activities.

These are just a few examples of the top players in the mineral and metal mining market industry. The industry also includes several other significant companies that contribute to global mineral and metal production and trade.

High-Growth Opportunities in Mineral and Metal Mining Market Industry

The mineral and metal mining market industry offers several high-growth opportunities driven by various factors such as increasing global demand for minerals and metals, technological advancements, and emerging market trends. Here are some high-growth opportunities in the industry:

1. Battery Metals: The growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems has led to a surge in demand for battery metals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. These metals are crucial components in lithium-ion batteries. Mining companies involved in the production of these battery metals are experiencing significant growth opportunities as the EV market expands.
2. Rare Earth Elements (REEs): REEs are critical components in various high-tech applications, including renewable energy technologies, electronics, and defense systems. As the demand for renewable energy and advanced technologies increases, the demand for REEs such as neodymium, dysprosium, and terbium is expected to rise. Mining companies with access to REE deposits have the potential for substantial growth.
3. Sustainable Mining Practices: With increasing emphasis on environmental sustainability and responsible mining, there are opportunities for mining companies that adopt sustainable practices. This includes implementing technologies and processes for water conservation, energy efficiency, waste reduction, and land rehabilitation. Companies focusing on sustainable mining practices can gain a competitive advantage and attract investors who prioritize environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors.
4. Digitalization and Automation: The mining industry is embracing digital technologies and automation to improve operational efficiency, productivity, and safety. Companies that invest in technologies such as autonomous vehicles, drones, advanced analytics, and artificial intelligence can streamline operations, optimize resource utilization, and reduce costs.
5. Deep-sea Mining: As land-based mineral deposits become depleted, interest in deep-sea mining is growing. The ocean floor is known to contain valuable mineral resources such as polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts, and seafloor massive sulfides. Companies exploring deep-sea mining technologies and securing exploration rights in designated areas have the potential for long-term growth.
6. Recycling and Urban Mining: With the increasing focus on resource conservation and circular economy principles, recycling and urban mining present growth opportunities. Companies involved in the recycling of metals from electronic waste, industrial scrap, and end-of-life products can recover valuable materials, reduce reliance on primary mining, and meet the growing demand for recycled metals.
7. Emerging Markets: Rapid industrialization and urbanization in emerging economies, particularly in Asia-Pacific and Africa, are driving demand for minerals and metals. Mining companies that strategically expand their operations in these regions can tap into the growing market opportunities and secure long-term growth.
8. Clean Energy Minerals: The transition to clean energy sources, such as solar and wind power, requires significant amounts of minerals like copper, aluminium, and zinc. Mining companies involved in the production of these minerals to support renewable energy infrastructure development are poised for growth.

It's important for mining companies to adapt to changing market dynamics, technological advancements, and sustainability considerations to fully capitalize on these high-growth opportunities. Additionally, navigating regulatory frameworks, stakeholder engagement, and market volatility are critical for long-term success in the mineral and metal mining industry.  

Challenges in Mineral and Metal Mining Market Industry

The mineral and metal mining market industry faces various challenges that can impact its operations, profitability, and sustainability. These challenges arise from a combination of factors, including regulatory requirements, market dynamics, environmental considerations, social impacts, and technological advancements. Here are some key challenges in the industry:

1. Environmental Impact: Mining activities can have significant environmental consequences, including habitat destruction, deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Compliance with environmental regulations, mitigation of impacts, and implementation of sustainable practices present ongoing challenges for the industry.
2. Social and Community Relations: Mining operations often intersect with local communities, and conflicts can arise over land rights, displacement, cultural heritage, and livelihood impacts. Building and maintaining positive relationships with communities, addressing social concerns, and implementing effective community engagement strategies are critical challenges.
3. Permitting and Regulatory Compliance: Obtaining permits and meeting regulatory requirements for exploration, mining operations, and environmental compliance can be complex and time-consuming. Changing regulations, bureaucratic processes, and stakeholder consultations pose challenges to the industry, requiring substantial resources and expertise.
4. Price Volatility: The mineral and metal mining market is susceptible to price volatility driven by global economic conditions, geopolitical factors, and supply-demand dynamics. Fluctuating commodity prices can impact the profitability and investment decisions of mining companies, posing challenges for financial stability and long-term planning.
5. Technological Advancements: While technological advancements offer growth opportunities, they also pose challenges in terms of adoption, integration, and skill requirements. Implementing advanced mining technologies, automation, and digitalization requires significant investment, workforce training, and managing potential workforce displacement.
6. Resource Depletion and Exploration: Discovering and accessing new mineral deposits becomes increasingly challenging as existing resources are depleted and exploration becomes more costly and technically demanding. Companies must continually invest in exploration activities and adopt innovative exploration techniques to replenish reserves and ensure long-term sustainability.
7. Infrastructure and Access: Remote or challenging geographic locations can present logistical challenges, including inadequate transportation networks, lack of power supply, and limited access to water resources. Developing and maintaining infrastructure to support mining operations, especially in remote regions, can be expensive and time-consuming.
8. Health and Safety: Mining operations involve inherent risks to worker health and safety, including accidents, exposure to hazardous substances, and occupational diseases. Ensuring a safe working environment, implementing robust safety protocols, and addressing health and safety concerns remain ongoing challenges for the industry.
9. Stakeholder Expectations and ESG Factors: Stakeholders, including investors, customers, and communities, increasingly prioritize environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. Mining companies face the challenge of meeting these expectations by implementing sustainable practices, addressing human rights concerns, and demonstrating transparency and responsible corporate behavior.
10. Reclamation and Closure: Proper mine reclamation and closure are essential to mitigate long-term environmental impacts and ensure post-mining land rehabilitation. Developing and implementing effective closure plans, securing financial provisions for site reclamation, and addressing long-term liabilities pose challenges for the industry.

Mining companies must navigate these challenges by adopting responsible and sustainable practices, engaging with stakeholders, embracing innovation, and complying with regulations. Collaborative approaches, transparency, and proactive engagement with communities and environmental considerations are crucial for the industry's long-term viability and social acceptance.

Mineral and Metal Mining Market Industry High CAGR Geography

The mineral and metal mining market industry exhibits varying Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGRs) across different geographies due to factors such as resource availability, market demand, regulatory frameworks, and investment climate. While specific CAGR figures may change over time, here are some regions that have shown or are projected to have a high CAGR in the mineral and metal mining industry:

1. Asia-Pacific: The Asia-Pacific region has been a significant contributor to the global mineral and metal mining market. Countries such as China, Australia, and India have witnessed rapid industrialization, urbanization, and infrastructure development, driving demand for minerals and metals. With continued economic growth and increasing resource consumption, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to maintain a high CAGR in the mining industry.
2. Africa: Africa is rich in mineral resources, including gold, diamonds, copper, cobalt, and platinum group metals. Several countries in Africa have experienced a surge in mining activities due to improved investment climates, favorable geology, and increasing exploration efforts. The continent's mining industry has been growing steadily, and with ongoing exploration and investment, it is expected to witness a high CAGR.
3. Latin America: Latin American countries such as Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Mexico are significant players in the mineral and metal mining industry. Abundant reserves of copper, gold, silver, and other minerals, coupled with favorable mining policies, have attracted investment and spurred growth in the region. Latin America is expected to continue to experience a high CAGR in mining, driven by both domestic and foreign investment.
4. North America: North America, particularly Canada and the United States, has a well-established mining sector and is home to several major mining companies. The region has diverse mineral resources, including gold, copper, uranium, coal, and iron ore. Technological advancements, regulatory stability, and infrastructure development contribute to the region's high CAGR in the mining industry.
5. Oceania: Oceania, primarily represented by Australia, is a significant player in the global mining market. Australia is known for its vast mineral resources, including iron ore, coal, gold, and bauxite. The country's well-developed mining industry, supportive regulatory environment, and proximity to growing Asian markets contribute to a high CAGR in the mineral and metal mining sector in Oceania.

Mining is the process of extracting natural resources from the earth which are reserved in forms of minerals, metals, and other geological materials. These reserves are extracted in forms of mineral and metal ores which are then processed for further ....see more