Pea Protein Market by Type (Isolates, Concentrates, Textured), Application (Meat extenders and analogs, Snacks & bakery products, Nutritional supplements, Beverages), Textured Pea Protein by Form (Dry, Wet), & by Region - Global Trends & Forecast to 2020

The pea protein market, which forms an integral part of the food & beverage industry, is currently driven by the rising demand for processed and healthy food products. Leading companies such as Roquette Frères (France), Burcon Nutrascience Corporation (Canada), and Cosucra Groupe Warcoing (Belgium) among several others have made significant investments in advancements of technology and new product developments to provide superior quality, innovative, and cost-effective solutions to customers. They have also adopted expansion and partnerships, agreements, and collaboration strategies to increase their global market share by expanding their existing capabilities and enhancing their geographical presence in emerging markets such as China.

The global market is expected to increase in developing countries due to the presence of emerging economies, rise in demand for healthy food products, and high nutritional profile of pea protein. Also, changing lifestyles and growing health concerns in the developing Asian countries are driving the demand for healthy food products, which in turn serves as a driver for the pea protein market. This growth in the demand for pea protein is also due to its increasing incorporation in a wide range of applications such as snacks, beverages, nutritional supplements, and meat alternatives & extenders.

The food & beverages manufacturers and nutritional supplements manufacturers form the target audience for this report, particularly in developing regions.

On the basis of equipment type, the market is segmented into isolates, concentrates, and textured. Also, the textured pea protein market is included in the report and is further segmented into dry textured and wet textured.

The pea protein market is estimated to be valued at USD 22.8 Million in 2015 and is projected to reach USD 34.8 Million by 2020 at a CAGR of 8.80% from 2015 to 2020. The Asia-Pacific market is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period due to the rapid growth in the food & beverage industry in developing countries such as China and Japan.

This report includes market sizes in terms of value (USD million). It provides both, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the pea protein market, the competitive landscape, and the preferred development strategies of key players. The key players preferred new product developments, expansions, and partnerships, agreements & collaborations to gain a larger share in the market. The report also analyzes the market dynamics, winning imperatives, and issues faced by leading players.

Scope of the Report

Pea Protein Market

On the basis of type, the market is segmented as follows:

• Isolates
• Concentrates
• Textured

On the basis of form, the textured pea protein market is segmented as follows:

• Dry textured
• Wet textured

On the basis of application, the market is segmented as follows:

• Meat extenders & analogs
• Snacks & bakery products
• Nutritional supplements
• Beverages
• Others (meat enhancers and confectionery)

On the basis of region, the market is segmented as follows:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia-Pacific
• RoW

Available Customizations

With the given market data, MarketsandMarkets offers customizations according to the company’s specific needs.

The following customization options are available for the report:

Product Analysis

• Product matrix, which gives a detailed comparison of the product portfolio of each company

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (Up to five)

Table of Contents

1 Introduction (Page No. - 14)
    1.1 Objectives of the Study
    1.2 Market Definition
    1.3 Market Scope
           1.3.1 Markets Covered (Sub-Segments Including GEO Segmentation)
           1.3.2 Years Considered for the Study
    1.4 Currency
    1.5 Units
    1.6 Stakeholders
    1.7 Limitation

2 Research Methodology (Page No. - 18)
    2.1 Research Data
           2.1.1 Secondary Data
                    2.1.1.1 Key Data From Secondary Sources
           2.1.2 Primary Data
                    2.1.2.1 Key Data From Primary Sources
                    2.1.2.2 Key Industry Insights
                    2.1.2.3 Breakdown of Primaries
    2.2 Factor Analysis
           2.2.1 Introduction
           2.2.2 Overview of the Parent Industry
           2.2.3 Demand-Side Analysis
                    2.2.3.1 Food & Beverages Industry
                               2.2.3.1.1 Key Segments in the Food & Beverages Sector
                    2.2.3.2 Increase in Global Population
                               2.2.3.2.1 Increase in Middle-Class Population, 2009–2030
           2.2.4 Supply-Side Analysis
                    2.2.4.1 Regulatory Compliances for Pea Protein Manufacturers
    2.3 Market Size Estimation
    2.4 Market Breakdown & Data Triangulation
    2.5 Market Share Estimation
    2.6 Research Assumptions & Limitations
           2.6.1 Assumptions of the Research Study
           2.6.2 Limitations of the Research Study

3 Executive Summary (Page No. - 33)

4 Premium Insights (Page No. - 37)
    4.1 Attractive Opportunities in this Market
    4.2 Nutritional Supplements to Dominate the Pea Protein Application Segment
    4.3 U.S. to Dominate Pea Protein Market in North America in 2015
    4.4 U.S. to Dominate Global Pea Protein Market By 2020
    4.5 Market: Country-Level Market Leaders
    4.6 Concentrates Segment Accounted for the Second-Largest Share in the Pea Protein Market, 2014
    4.7 Market: Life Cycle Analysis, By Region

5 Market Overview (Page No. - 43)
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Evolution of Pea Protein
    5.3 Market Segmentation
           5.3.1 Market, By Type
           5.3.2 Textured Pea Protein Market, By Form
           5.3.3 Market, By Application
    5.4 Market Dynamics
           5.4.1 Drivers
                    5.4.1.1 Rising Vegetarian/Vegan Population
                    5.4.1.2 High Nutritional Profile of Pea
                    5.4.1.3 Animal Disease Outbreaks
                    5.4.1.4 Technological Advancement in Extrusion & Processing
                    5.4.1.5 Changing Consumer Lifestyles and Rising Health Concerns
           5.4.2 Restraints
                    5.4.2.1 Low Sensory Properties of Pea
                    5.4.2.2 Cost of Pea Proteins
           5.4.3 Opportunities
                    5.4.3.1 Increasing Demand for Plant-Based Alternatives to Meat Products
                    5.4.3.2 Increased Potential for Plant Proteins
                    5.4.3.3 Growing Market for Weight Management Products
                    5.4.3.4 Booming Sports Nutrition Industry
           5.4.4 Challenges
                    5.4.4.1 Soy Substitution
                    5.4.4.2 Pricing Pressures
           5.4.5 Burning Issue
                    5.4.5.1 Regulations Regarding Protein Intake

6 Industry Trends (Page No. - 53)
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Value Chain Analysis
    6.3 Supply Chain Analysis
           6.3.1 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
                    6.3.1.1 Threat of New Entrants
                    6.3.1.2 Threat of Substitutes
                    6.3.1.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
                    6.3.1.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
                    6.3.1.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

7 Pea Protein Market, By Type (Page No. - 58)
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Isolates
    7.3 Concentrates
    7.4 Textured

8 Textured Pea Protein Market, By Form (Page No. - 66)
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Dry Textured
    8.3 Wet Textured

9 Pea Protein Market, By Application (Page No. - 71)
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Meat Extenders & Analogs
    9.3 Snacks & Bakery Products
    9.4 Nutritional Supplements
    9.5 Beverages
    9.6 Others

10 Pea Protein Market, By Region (Page No. - 81)
     10.1 Introduction
     10.2 North America
             10.2.1 U.S.
             10.2.2 Canada
             10.2.3 Mexico
     10.3 Europe
             10.3.1 France
             10.3.2 Belgium
             10.3.3 Germany
             10.3.4 U.K.
             10.3.5 Spain
             10.3.6 The Netherlands
             10.3.7 Italy
             10.3.8 Finland
             10.3.9 Rest of Europe
     10.4 Asia-Pacific
             10.4.1 China
             10.4.2 Japan
             10.4.3 Australia
             10.4.4 Rest of Asia-Pacific
     10.5 Rest of the World
             10.5.1 Brazil
             10.5.2 Others in RoW

11 Competitive Landscape (Page No. - 119)
     11.1 Overview
     11.2 Competitive Situation & Trends
             11.2.1 New Product Launches
             11.2.2 Expansions & Investments
             11.2.3 Agreements, Partnerships, and Collaborations

12 Company Profiles (Page No. - 124)
(Company at A Glance, Recent Financials, Products & Services, Strategies & Insights, & Recent Developments)*
     12.1 Introduction
     12.2 Roquette Frères
     12.3 Burcon Nutrascience Corporation
     12.4 Cosucra Groupe Warcoing
     12.5 Nutri-Pea Limited
     12.6 Sotexpro
     12.7 The Scoular Company
     12.8 Yantai Shuangta Food Co., Ltd.
     12.9 Axiom Foods, Inc.
     12.10 Farbest Brands
     12.11 Shandong Jianyuan Foods Co., Ltd.

*Details on Company at A Glance, Recent Financials, Products & Services, Strategies & Insights, & Recent Developments Might Not Be Captured in Case of Unlisted Companies.

13 Appendix (Page No. - 141)
     13.1 Discussion Guide
     13.2 Introducing RT: Real-Time Market Intelligence
     13.3 Available Customizations
     13.4 Related Reports

List of Tables (109 Tables)

Table 1 Impact of Key Drivers on the Pea Protein Market
Table 2 Impact of Key Restraints on the Pea Protein Market
Table 3 Opportunities in the Pea Protein Market
Table 4 Challenge for the Pea Protein Market
Table 5 Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 6 Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 7 Amino Acid Profile for Pea Protein Isolates
Table 8 Isolates: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 9 Isolates: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 10 Amino Acid Profile for Pea Protein Concentrates
Table 11 Concentrates: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 12 Concentrates: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 13 Textured: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 14 Textured: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 15 Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 16 Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 17 Dry Textured: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 18 Dry Textured: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 19 Wet Textured: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 20 Wet Textured: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 21 Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 22 Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 23 Meat Extenders & Analogs: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 24 Meat Extenders & Analogs: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 25 Snacks & Bakery Products: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 26 Snacks & Bakery Products: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 27 Essential Amino Acids in Pea Proteins & Their Functions
Table 28 Nutritional Supplements: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 29 Nutritional Supplements: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 30 Protein Type & Their Taste Description
Table 31 Beverages: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 32 Beverages: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 33 Others: Pea Protein Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 34 Others: Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 35 Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 36 Market Size, By Region, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 37 North America: Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 38 North America: Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 39 North America: Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 40 North America: Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 41 North America: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 42 North America: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 43 North America: Pea Protein Isolates Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 44 North America: Pea Protein Concentrates Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 45 North America: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 46 North America: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 47 North America: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 48 North America: Dry Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 49 North America: Wet Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 50 U.S.: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 51 Canada: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 52 Mexico: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 53 Europe: Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 54 Europe: Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 55 Europe: Pea Protein Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 56 Europe: Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 57 Europe: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 58 Europe: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 59 Europe: Pea Protein Isolates Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 60 Europe: Pea Protein Concentrates Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 61 Europe: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 62 Europe: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 63 Europe: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 64 Europe: Dry Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 65 Europe: Wet Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 66 France: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 67 Belgium: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 68 Germany: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 69 U.K.: Pea Protein Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 70 Spain: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 71 The Netherlands: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 72 Italy: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 73 Finland: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 74 Rest of Europe: Pea Protein Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 75 Asia-Pacific: Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 76 Asia-Pacific: Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 77 Asia-Pacific: Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 78 Asia-Pacific: Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 79 Asia-Pacific: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 80 Asia-Pacific: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 81 Asia-Pacific: Pea Protein Isolates Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 82 Asia-Pacific: Pea Protein Concentrates Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 83 Asia-Pacific: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 84 Asia-Pacific: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 85 Asia-Pacific: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 86 Asia-Pacific: Dry Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 87 Asia-Pacific: Wet Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 88 China: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 89 Japan: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 90 Australia: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 91 Rest of Asia-Pacific: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 92 RoW: Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 93 RoW: Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 94 RoW: Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 95 RoW: Market Size, By Application, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 96 RoW: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 97 RoW: Market Size, By Type, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 98 RoW: Pea Protein Isolates Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 99 RoW: Pea Protein Concentrates Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 100 RoW: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 101 RoW: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 102 RoW: Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Form, 2013–2020 (Tons)
Table 103 RoW: Dry Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 104 RoW: Wet Textured Pea Protein Market Size, By Country, 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 105 Brazil: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 106 Others in RoW: Market Size, By Type 2013–2020 (USD Thousand)
Table 107 New Product & Technology Launches, 2010-2015
Table 108 Expansions & Investments, 2010-2015
Table 109 Agreements, Partnerships, and Collaborations, 2010-2015

List of Figures (52 Figures)

Figure 1 Market Segmentation
Figure 2 Pea Protein Market: Research Design
Figure 3 Impact of Key Factors Influencing the Parent Industry
Figure 4 RTE, Snacks & Savory Products Segments Accounted for ~35% of the Food Sector in 2013
Figure 5 Global Population is Projected to Reach ~9.5 Billion By 2050
Figure 6 Middle-Class Population in Asia-Pacific is Projected to Grow & Account for the Largest Share in the Global Market By 2030
Figure 7 Market Size Estimation Methodology: Bottom-Up Approach
Figure 8 Market Size Estimation Methodology: Top-Down Approach
Figure 9 Data Triangulation Methodology
Figure 10 Assumptions of the Research Study
Figure 11 Limitations of the Research Study
Figure 12 Market Snapshot (2014 vs 2020): Pea Protein Isolates to Dominate the Market in Terms of Value (USD Thousand)
Figure 13 Market Share, 2014
Figure 14 Partnerships, Agreements, and Collaborations to Be the Most Preferred Strategy for Top Companies
Figure 15 Emerging Economies Offer Attractive Opportunities in Pea Protein Market
Figure 16 Pea Protein Application in Meat Extenders to Grow at the Second Highest CAGR From 2013 to 2020
Figure 17 Isolates Dominated the North American Market, Followed By Concentrates, in 2014
Figure 18 China is Projected to Be Fastest-Growing Country-Level Market for Pea Protein From 2015 to 2020
Figure 19 Emerging Asian Economies to Grow Faster Than Developed Markets
Figure 20 Concentrates Segment to Dominate Global Pea Protein Market After Isolates
Figure 21 Textured Pea Protein Market in North America to Enter the Exponential Growth Phase By 2020
Figure 22 Development of Pea Protein
Figure 23 Market Segmentation, By Type
Figure 24 Textured Pea Protein Market, By Form
Figure 25 Market, By Application
Figure 26 Increasing Demand for Protein-Rich Food Drives the Growth of Pea Protein Market
Figure 27 Research & Development and Production of Pea Protein Contribute the Most to the Overall Value
Figure 28 Food Manufacturers Play A Vital Role in the Supply Chain for Pea Protein Products
Figure 29 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis: Pea Protein Market
Figure 30 Isolates Segment Estimated to Dominate the Pea Protein Market in Terms of Value in 2015
Figure 31 North America is Estimated to Dominate the Concentrates Segment of the Pea Protein Market in 2015
Figure 32 Dry Textured Segment Estimated to Dominate the Textured Pea Protein Market in 2015
Figure 33 North America Estimated to Dominate the Dry Textured Pea Protein Market in 2015
Figure 34 Nutritional Supplements Segment is Estimated to Dominate the Pea Protein Market in 2015
Figure 35 North America Estimated to Dominate the Nutritional Supplements Segment of Pea Protein Market From 2015 to 2020
Figure 36 Geographic Snapshot (2014): Markets in Asia-Pacific are Emerging as New Hot Spots
Figure 37 North American Pea Protein Market Snapshot: U.S. is Projected to Be the Global Leader Between 2015 & 2020
Figure 38 European Pea Protein Market Snapshot: France is Projected to Be the Global Leader Between 2015 & 2020
Figure 39 Asia-Pacific Pea Protein Market Snapshot: China is Projected to Be the Global Leader Between 2015 & 2020
Figure 40 Key Companies Preferred Partnerships, Agreements,& Collaborations, and New Product Launches From 2010 to 2015
Figure 41 Market Share, By Key Player 2014
Figure 42 Key Players Extensively Adopted Agreements, Partnerships, and Collaborations to Fuel Growth in Pea Protein Market From 2010 to 2015
Figure 43 Annual Developments in the Global Pea Protein Market, 2010-2015
Figure 44 Geographical Revenue Mix of Top Five Market Players
Figure 45 Roquette Frères: Company Snapshot
Figure 46 Roquette Frères: SWOT Analysis
Figure 47 Burcon Nutrascience Corporation: SWOT Analysis
Figure 48 Cosucra Groupe Warcoing: Company Snapshot
Figure 49 Cosucra Groupe Warcoing: SWOT Analysis
Figure 50 Nutri-Pea Limited: SWOT Analysis
Figure 51 Yantai Shuangta Food Co., Ltd.: Company Snapshot
Figure 52 Yantai Shuangta Food Co., Ltd.: SWOT Analysis

The primary factors driving the pea protein market are the rising vegan/vegetarian population and high nutritional profile of pea protein. Also, there is a growing popularity of meat substitutes and rising demand for gluten-free products, which are also driving the demand for pea protein products. Pea protein is procured through dry milling of yellow peas. With no use of chemical solvents in the extrusion process, it enables to maintain the functional and the nutritional value of pea. This is in line with the rise in worldwide demand for nutritional ingredients in the food industry. The demand for nutritional ingredients is governed by the performance quality, their incorporation in food processing, and regulations imposed by international and local governments on food manufacturers.

The changing lifestyles and health concerns, especially in developing regions such as Asia-Pacific, drive the market for pea protein. This has resulted in increasing focus of key pea protein manufacturers to provide superior quality and highly nutritional ingredients through the incorporation of advanced technologies. This is projected to influence the pea protein market size.

The market is segmented on the basis of type into isolates, concentrates, and textured. The textured pea protein market is segmented on the basis of form into dry textured and wet textured. On the basis of application, the market is classified into meat extenders & analogs, snacks & bakery products, nutritional supplements, beverages, and others that include meat enhancers and confectionery.

The market is also segmented on the basis of region into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Rest of the World (RoW); this has been further segmented on the basis of their key countries.

The market for pea protein is projected to reach USD 34.8 Million by 2020, with the increasing awareness about healthy food products and high nutritional profile of pea protein.

The pea protein market is fragmented and competitive, with a large number of players operating at regional and local levels. The key players in the market adopted new product developments, expansions, and agreements as their preferred strategies. Companies such as Roquette Frères (France), Burcon Nutrascience Corporation (Canada), Cosucra Groupe Warcoing (Belgium), Nutri-Pea Limited (Canada), and Sotexpro (France) have been profiled in the report.